Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism In Europe 

1. Write a Note on: 

a) Giuseppe Mazzini:

• He was an Italian revolutionary, born in the year 1807 in Genoa.
• He was a member of the secret society of Carbonari.
• He was sent to exile in 1831 because he attempted a revolution in Liguria.
'Young Italy' in Marseilles and 'Young Europe' in Berne were the names of the societies he founded.
• The members were from Poland, Italy, France and the German states, who were quite young and likeminded.

b) Count Camilo de Cavour:

• He was a chief minister in Sardinia Piedmont state.
• He led the movement to make unity in Italy as far as religion is concerned.
• He spoke French quite better as compared to Italian.
• He developed a diplomatic alliance with France.
• It helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat Austria in 1859, which made the northern part of Italy free.

c) The Greek War of Independence:

• A successful independence war was waged between 1821 to 1829 by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire.
• Support was given by West European countries by Greeks.
• Many artists and poets hailed Greece.
• Greece was recognized as an independent nation by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832.

d) The Frankfurt Parliament:

• All-German National Assembly which was formed by the middle class professionals, businessmen and artisans belonging to different regions.
• Convened on 18 May in St. Paul church, in Frankfurt city.
• This assembly helped the German nation to be a monarchy headed country subjected to a parliament.
• It faced opposition from the military and aristocracy.
• It was disbanded on 31 May, 1849.

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles:

• Giving political rights to women was controversial with liberal movement.
• Women formed their political association, under which they founded a newspaper.
• Women were denied suffrage during Assembly election days.
• Women were seen as observers, who could stand in the visitor's gallery.

2 :-- What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Ans:- The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of French as the national language.

3 :-- Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Ans :- Marianne and Germania were female allegories of French and German
respectively. Following are the importance of the way in which they were portrayed:
• They stood for ideas such as 'liberty' and 'the republic'.
• The public could identify with symbolic meaning which would bring the feel of national unity in them.

4 :--Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Ans :- The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in 1848. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Over seven years, Prussiafought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. These wars culminated in Prussian victory andGerman unification. William I, the Prussian king, was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871, at Versailles.

5 :--What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Ans :-Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom. Transport and communications were improved too.